TheNobelPrizeisabigdeal.WanttoknowhowIknow?BecausetheNobelsareconstantlyinvokedtosignaltheimportanceofotherawards:TheTuringAwardisthe鈥淣obelPrizeofComputers,鈥thePritzkerPrizeisthe鈥淣obelPrizeofArchitecture,鈥andgeography鈥檚鈥淣obel鈥isnamedaftertheguywhonamedAmericaafterAmerigoVespucci.Inmathematics,theAbelAwardandtheFieldsMedalcompeteoverwhichismoreworthyofaNobelcomparison.TheNobelPrizemightaswellbecalledthe鈥淣obelPrizeofComparisonsforOtherAwards.鈥Buthowdiditgetthisstatus? 　　Likethewinnerofadecathlon,theNobelPrizestandsoutforitssuperiorityonacombinationoffactors,beginningwithitsuniqueorigins,saysHarrietZuckerman,sociologyprofessoremeritaofColumbiaUniversityandauthorofScientificElite,ahistoryoftheNobelPrizes. 　　Fromthebeginning,theNobelPrizeattractedpublicattentioninawaythatnootherscientificawardhad. 　　Itallbeganwithajournalisticerror.In1888,aFrenchnewspapermistakenlywrotethatAlfredNobel,inventorofdynamite,haddied.Itwasactuallyhisbrother,Ludvig,whohadpassed.But,inadditiontolacklusterfactchecking,thepapercommemoratedtheeventwithdefamatoryprose:鈥淒r.AlfredNobel,whobecamerichbyfindingwaystokillmorepeoplefasterthaneverbefore,diedyesterday,鈥itwrote.Nobel,itissaid,wascrushedbytheideathathe鈥檇berememberedasa鈥渕erchantofdeath.鈥Inordertoregaincontrolofhislegacy,hewilledhisfortunetocreateanawardthatwouldrecognizepeoplewhohadmadepositivecontributionstomankind. 　　AlfredNobelwasacelebrity,famousnotonlyforhisdestructiveinvention,butalsohisreclusiveness.Hiswillwasmadepublicayearafterhisdeath.Thesurpriseannouncementsparkedalotofinterestfromtheoutset,saysGustavKällstrand,seniorcuratorattheNobelMuseum.鈥淭hefactthattheinventorofdynamitehadentrustedhismoneytocreateapeaceprize,amongotherthings,gotalotofpeopleinterestedintheprize,鈥hesaid. 　　TheNobelalsoattractedalotofattentionbecauseofitshugecashprize.Scientistshadbeenawardedmedals,money,andeventitles(Howaboutaknighthood,SirIsaac?)sinceatleasttheearlyRenaissance.ButnoneofthoseawardscameclosetotheNobel鈥檚purse.Intheearlydays,itwasworthabout20yearsofanacademicsalary,andwastheprototypical鈥済eniusaward鈥thatallowedscholarstofreelypursuetheirinterests. 　　Theprizemoneyalsogavethepublicaconcretewaytocomprehendwhatwere(andstillare)esotericscientificdiscoveries,saysKällstrand,whowroteadissertationonhowtheNobelbecameabridgebetweenscienceandsociety.Themoneyshowedthepublicthattheseprizeswereimportant,hesays,andthatthepeoplewhowonthemmustalsobeimportantandworthattention. 　　Fromitsinitialbuzzthroughitsgildedsheen,theprizeeventuallyearnedareputationforselectingnotableawardees.ThatprestigewasearnedduetothemethodologyestablishedbythefirstNobelpanelsofjudgesin1901.Källstrandsaysthatthemembersoftheacademyatthattimewerenervoustobethecenterofinternationalattention.In1897,afterNobel鈥檚willhadbeenmadepublic,theNewYorkTimespredictedthattheprizewouldbringSwedenmoretroublethanglory,asthecountrywouldberesignedtothepoliticsofpickingfavorites.Inordertoprotectthemselvesfromtheridiculeofchoosingt

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